Reading Comment and Question on The History of Communication Media by Assignment

Reading Comment and Question on The History of Communication Media by Friedrich Kittler - Assignment Example The main guideline to technological advancement in media is reduction and elimination of the need to meet in order to communicate (Kittler, n.d). Communication in the past was based on the capability to read and inscribe but with the latest technologies it relies on the application of computer skills  (Kittler, n.d). The quality of communication today is guided by the ability to employ the latest technologies in communication correctly. Advancements such as the move from the olden pictographs that were done on clay tablets to the current broadband communication clearly show the great improvement in media technology. All media tools have improved in terms of information collected, Storage capability and speed of transmission. Technology has made places connect, and the limitations of time and distance have been wiped out. Despite having landmark positive changes, the latest media are exposed to the threat of a limited shelf life due to its fragility. Pictographs that were produced over 5000 years ago remain intact while newspapers that were manufactured just a year ago have already crumbled (Winthrop-Young, 2011, p.77). Information stored in DVDs and cassettes is easily lost due to the vulnerability of such media tools. Despite offering many solutions, the latest technologies in media, therefore, pose a risk of destroying cultural heritage. Digital technologies produce information for instant, but one time use as opposed to olden methods that produced information to be used over

Joseph Estrada and National Service Training Essay Example for Free

Joseph Estrada and National Service Training Essay Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level students. Its short title is National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. It was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines on December 19, 2001. It was subsequently approved by Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo last January 23, 2002. RA 9163 or the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 NSTP is a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by develop-ing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components. (RA 9163). Section 2 Rule 1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the NSTP Act states the role of the youth in nation-building. It says: 1.  In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation-building, the State shall promote civic consciousness among them and shall develop their physical, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate the ideals of patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs. 2. As the most valuable resource of the nation, they shall be motivated, trained, organized and involved in military, literacy, civic welfare programs and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation. ROTC is a program institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act 7077 designed to provide mili-tary training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness. (RA 9163). CWTS refers to programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the citizenry. (RA 9163). LTS is a ? program designed to train students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school chil-dren, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service. (RA 9163). NSTP Act states that all incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting School Year (SY) 2002-2003, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or associate courses, are re-quired to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice, as a graduation requirement. (RA9163 IRR). More-over, NSTP component chosen by the student shall be undertaken in two (2) terms and be credited for a 3-unit subject per term. Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a persons behavior and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations. Some common business values are fairness, innovation and community involvement. 2. The monetary worth of something in areas such as accounting, economics, marketing or mathematics. A value can be defined as your personal belief on a moral or ethical issue. For example, those who have strong family values believe that families should always eat meals together. Those who have strong Christian values find it important to attend church each sunday. Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through autodidacticism. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. The wealth of knowledge acquired by an individual after studying particular subject matters or experiencing life lessons that provide an understanding of something. Education requires instruction of some sort from an individual or composed literature. The most common forms of education result from years of schooling that incorporates studies of a variety of subjects.

Marcuses Account of the Features and Significance of True and False N E

Modern capitalist society is the target of severe criticism in Herbert Marcuse's book, One-Dimensional Man. As one would hope, Marcuse's intent is not merely to point out the shortcomings of the present system. He further hopes to encourage change in the most basic features of society, and with the intent to effect change arises the question of what goals the proposed change is directed towards. Primary among his goals is the "development and satisfaction of human needs and faculties" (xliii). Which of the wide range of human faculties are worthy of development? This question obviously requires value judgments to be made; any answer will be highly subjective or very complex, and probably both subjective and complex. Instead, this paper will focus on the second problem raised by Marcuse's goal: the identification of human needs to be satisfied. In particular, we will examine his own standards for determining what human needs must be satisfied by a rational society. Marcuse assumes that not all of what have been called "needs" at one time or another are real necessities that a rational society need consider. Certain "vital needs" are beyond doubt, however. Those are the needs of human biology without which life cannot continue, and such needs seem clearly to be objectively determined by biological factors. The sheer misery that infects human life when adequate food, water, and protection from the elements are not available in itself would seem to give sufficient reason for a rational society to concern itself first with providing everyone with those bare necessities. It is generally taken for granted that human beings have needs beyond the mere sustenance of biological life. Some of those proposed needs border on the biological, such as "the need for health care." At the other extreme are needs with no physical component at all, such as "the needs for spiritual sustenance." How does Marcuse propose we evaluate these less objectively evident contenders? Overall, he takes an attitude of skepticism towards them. Marcuse writes that "human needs, beyond the biological level, have always been preconditioned" (4). The key concept in this sentence is "conditioned"; the conception of needs of this type are th... ...would rather eliminate upon reflection. For example, one can easily imagine someone realizing that her desire for Gap pants originated in advertisements, and deciding that she did not want this need impressed on her by the advertising industry. This incremental elimination of false needs would go at least partway towards Marcuse's ideal of liberation through the consciousness of one's own servitude. The resources freed up by individuals' abandonment of unwanted false needs could then be used towards satisfying the vital needs of others. This result is less complete of an improvement than Marcuse is arguing for; however, it is probably the greatest shift in individuals' conception of their own needs that can be accomplished given the inherently social nature of non-physical needs. Even with its ambitions diminished in this way, Marcuse's consideration of true and false needs shows how there is room for movement toward "the optimal development†¦of all individuals, under t he optimal utilization of the material and intellectual resources available to man" (6). All citations from: Marcuse, Herbert. One-Dimensional Man. Boston: Beacon Press, 1964.

Improving the processes of patient care to improve outcomes Essay

Improving the processes of patient care to improve outcomes is fundamental to quality patient care and requires skills in change management. Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 3). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. The term innovation, rather than change, is often used to gain attention and infer that something new and special is happening. One of Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 4). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. the reasons there are significant variations in the descriptions of change and innovation can be attributed to the various underlying assumptions about the environment and the nature of change. Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 4). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Linear change does not recognize the multiple, unanticipated human actions and communications that occur and the dynamic context in which the change is occurring. As a consequence, the linear perspective often becomes rigid, control driven, frustrating, and unsuccessful. Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 5). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. The world is in continual motion, and movement occurs in more than linear ways. A change in one area can result in numerous, unanticipated changes in areas not considered. Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 5). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Interactions in a complexity perspective are characterized by creativity, interdependence, unpredictability, and collective knowledge. Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 6). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Change is †¦ †¢ Something new or different †¢ To make or become different †¢ To alter; to make different; to cause to pass from one state to another; as, to change the position, character, or Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 6). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. appearance of a thing; to change the countenance †¢ To alter by substituting something else for, or by giving up for something else; as, to change the clothes; to change one’s occupation; to change one’s intention †¢ To give and take reciprocally; to exchange; followed by with; as, to change place, or hats, or money, with another Source: Webster’s Dictionary (1991). Innovation is †¦ †¢ Anything that creates new resources, processes, or values or improves a company’s existing resources, processes, or values (Christensen, Anthony, & Roth, 2004) †¢ The power to define the industry; the effort to create purposefully focused changed in Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 6). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. an enterprise’s economic or social potential Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 6). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. evidence-based practice, linkages between clinical practice and scientific standards, the quest for consistency, minimizing idiosyncrasies, and providing a scientific basis for policy construction are the basic reasons for a change in health care. Using an evidence-driven model serves to provide focus and organization of change initiatives; evidence-based practice is the platform for nurses’ work. Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 10). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. chaos is normative in health care. Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 14). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Personal knowledge and accountability for one’s own strengths and limitations specific to change and innovation, including technical capability and computer literacy †¢ Understanding the essence of change and innovation concepts as well as the tools of innovation †¢ The ability to collaborate and fully engage team members— that is, relational competencies Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 14). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. †¢ Competence in embracing vulnerability and risk taking Porter-O’Grady, Tim; Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 14). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition.

How can sociologists explain the improvement in the educational performance of girls?

It is widely argued that gender influences achievement. Sociologists have noticed a difference in the level of achievement in boys and girls under sixteen. Studies show boys do not perform as well as girls in standard subjects in school, girls are now overtaking boys at a higher-level standard. Sociologists noticed this when they saw A' level results and GCSE results, however Post-16 girls tend to drop out of science and technology despite doing better than boys at GCSE. Boys' early literacy skills are markedly lower than girls. Although sociologists agree that there is a definite ‘gender gap' between males and female under sixteen, it is not just a simple case of ‘boys doing badly, girls doing well'. The relationship between gender and achievement is much more complex; problems have arose within the area of ‘the gender gap', it is not the same in all subjects – boys perform slightly better in GCSE maths than girls. It can not be applied to all levels of education, particularly university where the dropout rate is higher amongst girls; social class and gender affect it. A variety of reasons have been suggested for the difference between male and females in relation to achievement. Sociologists have attempted to explain firstly why females out perform males in most subjects under the age of sixteen and secondly why females are less likely to enter higher education (post 16 education) despite the fact that female school leavers tend to be better qualified than male ones. It has been suggested that females out perform males because of the following facts, educational policies to help girls over the past twenty years has seen attempts to improve the academic performance of girls. Coursework favours girls – course work in many subjects has helped to improve the academic standards of many girls. Girls have higher career aspirations; there is now a greater range of role models in society than in earlier years. In the 1970s Sue Sharpe wrote a book called â€Å"Just like a girl† in which she writes that most women then wanted to get married and have children. They did not see the point in staying on at school. There were very few jobs for women in the earlier years – only office jobs, nursing, teaching etc. However in today's' society womens' attitudes towards education have changed. More girls now want to attend college and university. There are a wider range of careers for women these days – fire fighters, business, design etc. The idea of marriage has become less popular. As there are more job opportunities for girls these days, they need qualifications therefore they need to work harder. There are poorer employment prospects for men in regard to the changes in the traditional male manual work. Male overconfidence in their own abilities causes unrealistic high expectations. Anti-school culture makes boys vulnerable to acting out the ‘men behaving badly' role, which in turn places little emphasis on education. Boys are more likely to not do their homework and go out with their friends, than girls. Boys find it more difficult to stay in and do their work as they might be worried that their friends will think that they are not ‘cool'. Girls tend to be more mature. Male literacy problems- it is a fact that boys read and write less than girls. Boys are more interested in their computer games where as girls are more likely to read books. This will help them with their school work. Labelling- teachers are more likely to label boys negatively and create a self-fulfilling prophecy of educational failure. Teachers more likely to think boys are more disruptive than girls therefore do not give them as much help. Therefore they are more likely to fail the subject. Also the parental expectations of their children differ, boys are expected to be tougher and more boisterous, girls tend to be quieter and neater. They are encouraged to play different games and are given different toys therefore this creates the basis for differences in interests and attitudes. Curriculum differences – there are two levels the ordinary and the hidden curriculum. Although schools have to offer girls and boys equal access to all courses, we can see that differences emerge. In the past girls were less likely to choose science or computer courses, (it has to be noted that this may not always be the case, especially in more modern times) they were more likely to take home economics, modern languages, social studies and secretarial courses, it is quite normal for ‘male' subjects of CDT to be on the timetable at the same time as the domestic science and the office skills subjects, therefore the official curriculum varies by gender. However these days girls cannot drop out of science and maths. They also take more subjects that boys would take and they have to so GCSE coursework. This helps girls because they are better organised. The hidden curriculum; this is the way that certain ideas and values of the teachers, other pupils and the wider society penetrate through the school. This is not part of the official school lessons. In the past some sociologists argued that as a result of attitudes shown by both parents and teachers girls learn to underachieve. By this they mean that sex stereotyping occurred in which teachers (and parents) knew what sorts of jobs girls do, and have been traditionally successful in, and they then gear girls to follow courses which lead to careers in these areas. It has been suggested that the main reason why girls perform differently in the educational system from boys is mainly due to the way society and the media creates ‘gender roles' which stress how males and females ought to behave. Magazines and television advertisements portray male and females in different ways making us feel that we have to act like them. There are clear gender roles expected of girls, e. g. to be feminine, to want to marry and to have children and to follow only a relatively narrow range of occupations in nursing and office work, etc. These views are strengthened by the media, which also portray women as sex symbols, nurses or housewives. Sociologists also found that girls were rarely portrayed as the central character and rarely showed initiative. Boys were far more often shown as the central character and tended to engage in more exciting activities. However girls today want independence, they do not want to be second class citizens. Leisure – When girls have time they like to gossip and have a â€Å"chat. † Therefore girls communicate better. This means that girls have better communication and educational skills than boys. In conclusion it is clear that girls are doing better but it is not the whole story because achievement affected by other factors cannot be ignored. These other factors are class and ethnicity.

Identify a real-life public relations campaign that attempted to put a positive spin on an otherwise negative situation.

Identify a real-life public relations campaign that attempted to put a positive spin on an otherwise negative situation. The ‚“Quit Now‚” is a public relations campaign which uses the stories of people who either quit smoking or had a bad experience with smoking. This campaign is run to make a national effort to help people who want to quit smoking. It is run by The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Both agencies want to put a positive spin on quitting smoking by implementing the negative message that people continue to die from, ‚“tobacco-related disease,‚” (nih.gov/news/pr/sep2006/nci-29.htm) and they feel they can help one can prevent this.The first thing that I noticed while viewing this campaign was how the Public Relations Program was put into effect. The first step of this program is information gathering. Quit Now had taken submissions from cigarette smokers by asking them why they wanted to quit, how they did quit, and what has happened to their health from smoking.English: The Centers for Disease Control a nd Preve...This organization then chose how they were to be planning on using this information , which is the second phase of the Public Relations Program. After they go over the submissions they plan to use these stories to communicate there message across the country. Quit Now will communicate the successful quitter‚s stories and the not so successful smoker‚s stories for television and radio spots to the country. This campaign has also implemented the fourth step of the Public Relations outline by giving people access to reports that are based on surveys which have evaluated the life rates of smokers versus people who have since quit smoking.The next thing I noticed about the Quit Now campaign was how they are using public relations online. Quit Now utilizes websites such as http://smokefree.gov, cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco and cdc.gov/tobacco/. These websites are used in an effort to help people quit by,

Free Essays on Conflict

Throughout one’s life, one establishes many relationships. Some are built upon, and become strong and unshakable, some are broken and left to dissolve. While some are paved slowly and with love, blossoming to become something wonderful, others are blown apart : George, a co-owner of a small coffee shop has noticed that there are fewer customers coming in to his store. He is worried about his profit, and is reluctant to change anything about the store due to the cost. Max, the other owner, is more concerned with the quality... Free Essays on Conflict Free Essays on Conflict Unit 2: Cognition, Thinking, Problem Solving A.) Apply the Working Memory and Long-Term Memory of the Information-Processing model: In the case study â€Å"Endangered Species,† the teacher, Ms. Dennison, demonstrates utilizing the working memory and long-term memory while introducing new information to her fifth-grade class. She introduces the lesson with an informational video about an endangered species and begins a discussion using the students working memory of what they had just learned from the video combined with information students already have in their long-term memories. Ms. Dennison uses elaborative rehearsal, cues the students to create mental representations, and uses symbolic representation through prepositional networks, categorizing the different species and their characteristics, to effectively transfer the new information into the students’ long-term memories. B.) Apply Meaningful Learning: A good example of a teacher using meaningful learning to aid students’ understanding of new information and concepts is shown in the case study â€Å"Endangered Species.† Ms. Dennison uses visual and mental imagery to relate the size and characteristics of a manatee from images her students already know (relating manatee to a cow). She also organizes the new material for her students on a matrix in a structured, meaningful fashion. C.) Apply the way to Encode Declarative Knowledge: Ms. Dennison, of the case study â€Å"Endangered Species,† demonstrates the way to encode declarative knowledge by using the students mental image of a cow to relate to the characteristics of a manatee, a species not encountered by the students. They use their episodic memories of observing and identifying cows, comparing and contrasting physical traits to develop and comprehend concepts about the unfamiliar species. D.) Apply strategies to help students develop and refine metacognitive skills: The critical thinking activity Mr. Man... Free Essays on Conflict Throughout one’s life, one establishes many relationships. Some are built upon, and become strong and unshakable, some are broken and left to dissolve. While some are paved slowly and with love, blossoming to become something wonderful, others are blown apart : George, a co-owner of a small coffee shop has noticed that there are fewer customers coming in to his store. He is worried about his profit, and is reluctant to change anything about the store due to the cost. Max, the other owner, is more concerned with the quality...

Gwangju Massacre in South Korea

Gwangju Massacre in South Korea Tens of thousands of students and other protestors poured into the streets of Gwangju (Kwangju), a city in southwestern South Korea in the spring of 1980. They were protesting the state of martial law that had been in force since a coup that previous year, which had brought down the dictator Park Chung-hee and replaced him with military strongman General Chun Doo-hwan. As the protests spread to other cities, and the protestors raided army depots for weapons, the new president expanded his earlier declaration of martial law. Universities and newspaper offices were shuttered, and political activity was banned. In response, the protestors seized control of Gwangju. On May 17, President Chun sent additional army troops to Gwangju, armed with riot gear and live ammunition. Background to the Gwangju Massacre The portraits of former president Park Chung-hee and his wife Yuk Young-soo. Yuk Young-soo was killed in 1974 during an attempted assassination of Park Chung-hee. Woohae Cho​/Getty Images  Ã‚   On October 26, 1979, South Korean President Park Chung-hee was assassinated while visiting a gisaeng house (Korean geisha house) in Seoul. General Park had seized power in a 1961 military coup and ruled as a dictator until Kim Jae-kyu, the Director of Central Intelligence, killed him. Kim claimed that he assassinated the president because of the increasingly harsh crackdown on student protests over the countrys increasing economic woes, brought about in part by skyrocketing world oil prices. The following morning, martial law was declared, the National Assembly (Parliament) was disbanded, and all public meetings of more than three people were banned, with an exception only for funerals. Political speech and gatherings of all kinds were prohibited. Nonetheless, many Korean citizens were optimistic about the change, since they now had a civilian acting president, Choi Kyu-hah, who promised among other things to halt the torture of political prisoners. The moment of sunshine faded quickly, however. On December 12, 1979, Army Security Commander General Chun Doo-Hwan, who was in charge of investigating President Parks assassination, accused the army chief of staff with conspiring to kill the president. General Chun ordered troops down from the DMZ and invaded the Department of Defense building in Seoul, arresting thirty of his fellow generals and accusing them all of complicity in the assassination. With this stroke, General Chun effectively seized power in South Korea, although President Choi remained as a figurehead. In the days that followed, Chun made it clear that dissent would not be tolerated. He extended martial law to the entire country  and sent police squads to the homes of pro-democracy leaders and student organizers to intimidate potential opponents. Among the targets of these intimidation tactics were the student leaders at Chonnam University in Gwangju... In March 1980, a new semester began, and university students and professors who had been banned from campus for political activities were allowed to return. Their calls for reform - including freedom of the press, and an end to martial law, and free and fair elections - grew louder as the semester progressed. On May 15, 1980, approximately 100,000 students marched on Seoul Station demanding reform. Two days later, General Chun promulgated even harsher restrictions, closing down universities and newspapers once more, arresting hundreds of student leaders, and also arresting twenty-six political opponents, including Kim Dae-jung of Gwangju. May 18, 1980 Outraged by the crackdown, about 200 students went to the front gate of Chonnam University in Gyungju early on the morning of May 18. There they met thirty paratroopers, who had been sent to keep them off the campus. The paratroopers charged the students with clubs, and the students responded by throwing rocks. The students then marched downtown, attracting more supporters as they went. By early afternoon, local police were overwhelmed by 2,000 protestors, so the military sent about 700 paratroopers into the fray. The paratroopers charged into the crowd, bludgeoning the students and passersby. A deaf 29-year-old, Kim Gyeong-cheol, became the first fatality; he was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time, but the soldiers beat him to death. May 19-20 Throughout the day on May 19, more and more furious residents of Gwangju joined the students in the streets, as reports of increasing violence filtered through the city. Businessmen, housewives, taxi drivers - people of all walks of life marched out to defend the youth of Gwangju. Demonstrators hurled rocks and Molotov cocktails at the soldiers. By the morning of May 20, there were more than 10,000 people protesting downtown. That day, the army sent in an additional 3,000 paratroopers. The special forces beat people with clubs, stabbed and mutilated them with bayonets, and threw at least twenty to their deaths from high buildings. The soldiers used tear gas and live ammunition indiscriminately, shooting into the crowds. Troops shot dead twenty girls at Gwangjus Central High School. Ambulance and cab drivers who tried to take the wounded to hospitals were shot. One hundred students who sheltered in the Catholic Center were slaughtered. Captured high school and university students had their hands tied behind them with barbed wire; many were then summarily executed. May 21 On May 21, the violence in Gwangju escalated to its height. As the soldiers fired round after round into the crowds, protesters broke into police stations and armories, taking rifles, carbines and even two machine guns. Students mounted one of the machine guns on the roof of the universitys medical school. The local police refused further aid to the army; troops beat some police officers unconscious for attempting to help the injured. It was all-out urban warfare. By 5:30 that evening, the army was forced to retreat from downtown Gwangju in the face of the furious citizens. The Army Leaves Gwangju By the morning of May 22, the army had pulled out entirely from Gwangju, establishing a cordon around the city. A bus full of civilians attempted to escape the blockade on May 23; the army opened fire, killing 17 of the 18 people aboard. That same day, army troops accidentally opened fire on one another, killing 13 in a friendly-fire incident in the Songam-dong neighborhood. Meanwhile, inside Gwangju, teams of professionals and students formed committees to provide medical care for the wounded, funerals for the dead, and compensation for the families of victims. Influenced by Marxist ideals, some of the students arranged to cook communal meals for the people of the city. For five days, the people ruled Gwangju. As word of the massacre spread throughout the province, anti-government protests broke out in nearby cities including Mokpo, Gangjin, Hwasun, and Yeongam. The army fired on protestors in Haenam, as well. The Army Retakes the City On May 27, at 4:00 in the morning, five divisions of paratroopers moved into Gwangjus downtown. Students and citizens tried to block their way by lying in the streets, while the armed citizen militias prepared for a renewed firefight. After an hour and a half of desperate fighting, the army seized control of the city once more. Casualties in the Gwangju Massacre The Chun Doo-hwan government issued a report stating that 144 civilians, 22 troops, and four police officers had been killed in the Gwangju Uprising. Anyone who disputed their death toll could be arrested. However, census figures reveal that almost 2,000 citizens of Gwangju disappeared during this time period. A small number of the student victims, mostly those who died on May 24, are buried in Mangwol-dong Cemetery near Gwangju. However, eyewitnesses tell of seeing hundreds of bodies dumped in several mass graves on the outskirts of the city. The Aftermath In the aftermath of the horrific Gwangju Massacre, the administration of General Chun lost most of its legitimacy in the eyes of the Korean people. Pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the 1980s cited the Gwangju Massacre  and demanded that the perpetrators face punishment. General Chun held on as president until 1988, when under intense pressure, he allowed democratic elections. Kim Dae-jung, the 15th term President of South Korea from 1998 to 2003, and the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize recipient, speaks on telephone at his home in Seoul, South Korea on June 25, 1987. Nathan Benn​/Getty Images   Kim Dae-Jung, the politician from Gwangju who had been sentenced to death on charges of fomenting the rebellion, received a pardon and ran for president. He did not win, but would later serve as president from 1998 to 2003, and went on to receive a Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. Former President Chun himself was sentenced to death in 1996 for corruption and for his role in the Gwangju Massacre. With the tables turned, President Kim Dae-jung commuted his sentence when he assumed office in 1998. In a very real way, the Gwangju Massacre marked a turning point in the long struggle for democracy in South Korea. Although it took almost a decade, this horrifying event paved the way for free and fair elections  and more transparent civil society. Further Reading on the Gwangju Massacre Flashback: The Kwangju Massacre, BBC News, May 17, 2000. Deirdre Griswold, S. Korean Survivors Tell of 1980 Gwangju Massacre, Workers World, May 19, 2006. Gwangju Massacre Video, Youtube, uploaded May 8, 2007. Jeong Dae-ha, Gwangju Massacre Still Echoes for Loved Ones, The Hankyoreh, May 12, 2012. Shin Gi-Wook and Hwang Kyung Moon. Contentious Kwangju: The May 18 Uprising in Koreas Past and Present, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2003. Winchester, Simon. Korea: A Walk Through the Land of Miracles, New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.

In your opinion, can a criminal trial be fair if witnesses are granted Essay

In your opinion, can a criminal trial be fair if witnesses are granted anonymity - Essay Example Anonymity is considered as one of the most sensitive and controversial issues related with the criminal justice. The laws related with the anonymity of the witnesses have been developed under the common law and there has been a large standing principal that the defendant to be confronted with his accuser in the court of law. (The Crown Prosecution Service) The case of R Davis however, brought forward new challenges when it was decided by the House of Lords that the anonymity of the witnesses may render the overall trial as unfair. This case is considered as one of the leading examples of ignoring the achievement of a delicate balance between the rights and responsibilities of different parties involved in any given case. (Kerrigan and Stockdale). This paper will attempt to discuss whether a trial can be fair if witnesses are given the choice of anonymity? The Case of R Davis In order to discuss the argument of whether a trial can be fair, it is important to discuss the case of R Davi s as this case is considered as one of the leading cases establishing the legal position for the anonymity of the witnesses and the fairness of the trial. R Davis was accused of committing double murders in London and after hiding for some time in US on false passport, he was extradited to UK. He maintained that he left the party before actual shooting took place and he has been fixed in this by his Ex- partner. The Crown’s investigation included witnesses in this case who were fearful about their security and therefore requested anonymity. After the due investigation, the claims of the witnesses were considered as true and trial judge, in order to ensure the safety of the witnesses as well as to obtain their evidence, allowed the anonymity under which witnesses were allowed to give their evidence against the false names, no information about them was provided to the defence and the natural voice of the witnesses was only heard by the Jury. Subsequently Davis was convicted by the Jury. (Rahman) The House of Lords however, overturned based on the Common Law Principle that the accused has the entitlement to confront with the accusers so that the accused could have cross examined them. Though exceptions were noted such as the case of hearsay however, based on the article 6 of the ECHR, the conviction was overthrown. Fairness of trial and Anonymity of witnesses Article 6 of the European convention deals with the right of having a fair trial and the article (6)(3)(d) outlines the rights of the defendants to examine the witnesses. In case of Davis, the court convicted him because of making a delicate balance between the rights of the accused and the rights of the witnesses can be a difficult task and commented that this may not always be incompatible with the Convention. Article 10 and 11 of the Universal declaration of Human Rights suggest that everyone has the right to fair trail and public hearing by and independent and impartial tribunal in case any crimi nal charges are levied against him. Further, anyone is presumed to be innocent until charges are proven as guilty. Viewed from the perspective of the above legislations and legal principles, it may be clear that the right of fair trial is of absolute importance however, competing interests also need to be taken into consideration when viewing the fairness of a trial and anonymity of the witnesses. In the

Are knowledge and talent skills that can be taught in the workplace, Essay

Are knowledge and talent skills that can be taught in the workplace, or are they only acquired from experience - Essay Example Knowledge can be acquired through both teaching of an individual at the workplace and can also be acquired through experience. It is noteworthy that no skills are inborn but they are acquired by an individual as they grow. Many employers write job descriptions requiring skills for certain posts. Most hiring employers look for employees with certain skills rather than an individual with best talents. It is important for managers to understand that skill is a learned competence and everyone can be taught to develop a particular skill. Talent is a gift from God and reflects etymological roots of an individual. Talent cannot be taught in a workplace. If one wants to be a salesman, then with enough training, he or she can be taught to acquire this particular skill. In fields such as accounting, many people can read bank statements but few people can manage to manipulate the statements to identify viable investment opportunities. Communication is another area that clearly differentiates be tween the inborn or gifted characteristic and skills that can be acquired through teaching. Some people can talk throughout the day and what they are talking about influences other people. Some people have no ability to talk even for one hour. From these, we can note that skills can be acquired through teaching and experience (Santana, 2005). For more than 10 years, I have been hiring talented and skillful personnel to be my operations assistants. Last year, I was looking for a person with high profile in terms of skills that they were taught. I decided to employ a young man who had no skills.. I hired him because he had passion in the job. It was very fortunate that he learned how to do the job within a short period of time; he became the best among my employees. He turned out to be very productive more than the rest of the employees. From this, I learned that skills and knowledge can be acquired

Marketing Strategy, SOUTHWEST AIRLINE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Strategy, SOUTHWEST AIRLINE - Essay Example Due to this the competition has become rigorous as the airlines are forced to cut down cost and jobs and fill the seats. Southwest is a low cost carrier which has always offered low fair deals to its passengers. In the case too it is offering lower rates and deals. These new rates though are not for all the destinations and flights, they are only specific to certain locations and restrictions are applied. Then there are other deals offered by hotels like Sheraton, they are offering discounts on early bookings along with Southwest. All these are as a result of the recession, competition and off season in the airline industry. Southwest is using sales promotion as a marketing strategy to overcome the crisis of reduced sales. This is just one way it can counter the problem. The company can respond to such financial crisis through liquidation, taking government subsidies, improving the efficiency and by forming alliances with other carriers. These are some of the strategies that are used by various airlines. The key problem these airlines are facing is the high cost and low sales. The key issue is the rising cost of the company which has lead to reduction in sales due to which marketing strategies are to be applied. Since it is an oligopolistic market structure hence other key players are going to follow the strategy too. One of the ke Problem statement One of the key problems that the company is facing at the time is the low sales. The company has come up with various tactics and one of them is the sales promotion in order to attract passengers. The passengers will get the same service at lower rates but fewer destinations and conditions apply. Alternate solutions There are other ways of marketing too. Southwest can make an ad campaign which shows that the airline is offering lower rates at times of recession too which shows that they are concerned. This will leave a positive impact in the eyes of the customer and intact the customer loyalty. The company can close its less productive routes because at this time the aim is to reduce cost and offer lower rates to the customers. This will save costs and that can be passed on to the passenger in the form of sales promotion. The company can come up with different promotional deals which can be advertised on the internet or the television. This will be costly but will create awareness among the customers. ' ' ' Selected Solution They should close down their unprofitable routes and focus on the ones which can generate high profits for them. This is very important because fuel price are already fluctuating and cost minimization should be the top most priority. Expected results It will save costs; moreover the employees need to understand the situation so that they do not bargain on wages or any other matter. The entire firm will have to work together and bring down the cost. Once the cost is saved then that advantage can be passed on to the customer through marketing efforts and spending that on low fares and more advertising. Negative results The passengers who travel through that route would face problems now since that service would be closed now. This will leave dissatisfied customers. However, there could be one way which is that the company doesn't completely close down the service but make it less like once a week instead of three so that customers do not find it inconvenient.

MPH 504 - Epidemiology (Module 2 - SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MPH 504 - Epidemiology (Module 2 - SLP) - Essay Example The first source of information for hypothesis generation in any outbreak is case-patients group which will provide valuable information on the "potential sources of exposure" (Meijia, 2006). In case the case-patient is unavailable, family member or friend must be interviewed. In case, the case-patient is a child, or guardian must be interviewed. Based on the size of the outbreak, about 8-10 cases of different demographic characteristics must be selected for the interview. Preferred are those cases which have occurred during the middle of the outbreak and those with typical case presentations. However, it is important to remember that even unusual cases may provide important clues. The following questions may be asked (Meijia, 2006): 4. Given your knowledge about E. coli O157:H7, the descriptive epidemiology of the initial cases, and the results of hypothesis-generating interviews, outline the information available at this point on the source of the outbreak and mode of transmission. The source of outbreak has been attributed to alfalfa sprouts and lettuce. Thus the possible sources of contamination are deer feces, cattle manure and irrigation water. The mode of transmission is

Role of Private Sector Organizations in Education Essay

Role of Private Sector Organizations in Education - Essay Example This calls for infrastructure development, and thus huge investment. Despite rapidly increasing government expenditure in education, real expenditures per pupil are increasing. Property-tax relief efforts and calls for more equitable funding across rich and poor school districts have increasingly led states to pick up a greater percentage of education costs. Basic needs for today's market are3: Privatization could provide an appropriate response to public education offering opportunities both for reducing costs and infusing private-sector funds into the education system. Schools are struggling to raise money to maintain existing buildings and to build new schools in order to keep up with increasing enrollment5. Private-sector involvement in education can provide infrastructure, and this may be one of the more politically acceptable methods of, since neither teachers nor students are directly involved. Providing classroom space, buildings, or land, Furnishing or equipping existing classroom space, providing maintenance services and utilities, providing teaching programs, Managing schools or school districts, Negotiating management deals that include provision of infrastructure are some of the issues where private sector can contribute in education6. The emergence of diverse privatization responses to inadequate public resources, coupled with some legislative restructuring ( school choice and open enrollment plans) in public schools, can result in substantial cost savings. Public/private partnerships can increase saving potential, as an alternative to increased taxes and service cuts and in response to growing school enrollments and increasing costs7. In addition, the company may implement a smaller student-teacher ratio, continued teacher training, and increased use of technology teacher's salary and benefits, books, supplies, furniture, equipment etc...8 Another key area where private agencies can make significant contribution is skill training to help children who did not move beyond school education, to come up in life. Private sectors can give away grants and scholarships to deserving candidates. Business organizations can influence the quality of future workers and can encourage improved performance in several ways9: Executive programs, where corporate executives work in specialized areas such as administration, staff development, or resource management. Curriculum renewal programs, where corporate executives work with educators to develop curricula that reflects private-sector technology, standards and practice. Mentor programs, where professionals have linked with individual students. Donation of equipment to schools. Programs between business

MPH 504 - Epidemiology (Module 2 - SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MPH 504 - Epidemiology (Module 2 - SLP) - Essay Example The first source of information for hypothesis generation in any outbreak is case-patients group which will provide valuable information on the "potential sources of exposure" (Meijia, 2006). In case the case-patient is unavailable, family member or friend must be interviewed. In case, the case-patient is a child, or guardian must be interviewed. Based on the size of the outbreak, about 8-10 cases of different demographic characteristics must be selected for the interview. Preferred are those cases which have occurred during the middle of the outbreak and those with typical case presentations. However, it is important to remember that even unusual cases may provide important clues. The following questions may be asked (Meijia, 2006): 4. Given your knowledge about E. coli O157:H7, the descriptive epidemiology of the initial cases, and the results of hypothesis-generating interviews, outline the information available at this point on the source of the outbreak and mode of transmission. The source of outbreak has been attributed to alfalfa sprouts and lettuce. Thus the possible sources of contamination are deer feces, cattle manure and irrigation water. The mode of transmission is

Structuralism perspective in science and technology Essay

Structuralism perspective in science and technology - Essay Example However, it was the work of Ferdinand de Saussure that is generally considered to be a starting point of the 20th century structuralism (Structuralism, 2006). Amongst the well-known structuralists are; Ferdinand de Saussure, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, and Lvi-Strauss. However, it is not possible to claim that some important social and/or psychological theoreticians and certain sciences are structuralist in character because what they do is to build models of psychological or social reality (Glazer, 1996). Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, existentialism like that practiced by Jean-Paul Sartre was the prevailing mood. Structuralism only became prominent in France after WWII predominantly in the 1960s. The early attractiveness of structuralism in France led it to spread throughout the world (Structuralism, 2006). By the early 1960s, structuralism, as a movement, was able to stand on its own and offered a unified approach to human life that will hug all disciplines (S tructuralism, 2006). Just like any other cultural movement, the influences and developments of structuralism are multifaceted (Structuralism, 2006). Structuralism is contentious and indefinable concept. Generally, structuralism can be understood in two levels: first, as a wide intellectual movement, one of the most noteworthy ways of theorising in the human sciences in the twentieth century; second, as a specific set of approaches to literature (and other arts and aspects of culture) thriving in France during the 1960s however with older roots and continuing repercussions. The basic principle of structuralism is that human activity and its results, even perception and thought itself, are constructed and not natural (Maley, n.d.). The theoretical approach offered by structuralism emphasises that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to the entire system (Rubel and Rosman, 1996). This notion, that the whole is bigger than the parts, got the attention of the Gestalt school o f psychology. Fundamentally, the elements of culture are not descriptive in and of themselves, but they form part of a significant system. Structuralism, as an analytical model, assumes the universality of human thought processes in the aim to understand the deep structure or underlying connotation that exist in cultural phenomena (Lett, 1987; Meyer, n.d.). However, the most complicated characteristic of structuralism is that these structures are not based on concrete or physical phenomena as they are in biological or other sciences but based on cultural realities such kinship organisation or stories. These cultural realities are mental as are the structures which explain them. These structures and their structuralist models exist only in human minds, and not in nature as e.g. a Marxist would claim (Glazer, 1996). Structuralism is a multifacet approach embraced by a variety of academic discipline such as psychology, linguistics, anthropology, and human culture as well. Structuralism in psychology In the 19th century, structuralism existed for the first time in academic psychology. Psychology, as a subject of discussion, also has a long history within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It only became a sovereign field of its own with the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt. . He was the first one in

Rebecca and the Short Story the Tell-Tale Heart Convey Gothic Themes Essay Example for Free

Rebecca and the Short Story the Tell-Tale Heart Convey Gothic Themes Essay The Gothic genre is a style of film and literature that expresses themes of madness, death, darkness, romance and obsession. Although Rebecca and The Tell- Tale Heart are fitted to the Gothic genre, the composers have conveyed similar themes in different ways. Obsession in Rebecca is that of Mrs Danvers, who is obsessed to the point it drives her mad. She would do anything to bring Rebecca back. Whereas in Poe’s short story the narrator is so obsessed with the eye of an old man he would do anything, including commit murder to get rid of it. Alfred Hitchcock’s film, Rebecca is a psychological thriller that uses cinematic techniques such as pathetic fallacy, characterization, motifs and lighting to convey gothic themes of madness and obsession. In contrast, Edgar Allen Poe’s short story The Tell- Tale Heart uses literary techniques such as narration and figurative language to successfully convey these same themes. While both composers convey Gothic themes of madness and obsession they communicate each with different techniques. Also the characters that they have created are portrayed as dealing with madness and obsession very differently. In the film Rebecca, the different characters Max and Mrs Danvers are used to explore the Gothic theme of madness. Hitchcock manipulates the frame in key scenes, by making Max’s body language suggest his nervousness, worry, anger and the need to ease himself. Max goes on to acknowledge, â€Å"Perhaps I am mad†. This declaration sums up the theory that something bothers Max, and that it is obviously taking a toll on him. Hitchcock depicts the sincere and loyal personality of Max as hiding something which changes his personality and domineering status. This is used to explore the gothic theme of madness and the effects that it has on Max. However, Mrs Danvers’ obsession leads her to commit acts of madness. Towards the end of the film Mrs Danvers burns down the mansion while she is still inside, inevitably killing herself in an attempt to bring justice to the long dead Rebecca. The final scene of the burning mansion and the screaming Mrs Danvers is symbolic of her madness, which was dangerous and not dissimilar from satanic worship. Poe’s The Tell- Tale Heart, also explores the gothic theme of madness. By writing in first person, Poe makes the story very narrow, as it fits only the narrator’s thoughts and reasoning. The narrator repeatedly claims he is not mad and that it is not madness that drives him, but instead it is the right thing to do. But he continues to question, â€Å"How then, am I mad? † Although there is only one point of view throughout the story, the narrator seems to talk to readers. He tries to persuade readers who are essentially his conscience that he is sane. Rather than convincing readers that he is sane, he verifies that he is indeed mad. By writing in first person, it is easy to understand what is going through the narrator’s mind. He emphasizes his madness and denial. Towards the end of the story the narrator behaves as if he is haunted and guilty, â€Å"I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer†. He begins to imagine things that aren’t really there and reaches the point at which he can no longer hide his secret. Hence he is essentially confessing in the hope of freeing his conscience. Poe’s character is one who denies madness, whereas Hitchcock’s character embraces the idea. In addition, both Hitchcock and Poe successfully convey the Gothic theme of obsession. Hitchcock develops the menacing and lingering Mrs Danvers as a conniving character with an unnatural adoration for Rebecca. This is made apparent when Mrs De Winter catches Mrs Danvers in the room of Rebecca. The room has been kept to the precise orders of the late Rebecca. Mrs Danvers admiringly recounts all Rebecca had requested, â€Å"I kept her furs in here†¦ Put it against your face. It’s soft isn’t it? You can feel it can’t you? The scent is still fresh isn’t it? † The relationship between Mrs Danvers and the late Rebecca quickly escalates to become one that transgresses the normal. Mrs Danvers continues to hold onto the obsessive relationship and twisted love she shared with Rebecca. Mrs Danvers still longs for Rebecca who is no longer alive. The tone and language that Mrs Danvers uses when speaking to Mrs De Winter is short and proper. She seems to deliberately want to make Mrs De Winter feel uneasy with herself and incomparable to Rebecca. Even though Rebecca is dead, she is an increasingly large figure throughout the film. Her power is not drawn physically, but from the relationship she had with Mrs Danvers and the loyalty Mrs Danvers has for her. With the presence of Mrs Danvers, and the motif of her ‘R’ embroidery, there is a heavy feeling of Rebecca still being alive and never going away. The obsession that Mrs Danvers has for Rebecca may not be one of violence and hate, but it is still menacing, off-putting and frightening, right up to the end. The obsession in Poe’s short story and Hitchcock’s film both end similarly. The main character from The Tell- Tale Heart has an unhealthy obsession just like Mrs Danvers, â€Å"It haunted me day and night†¦ I think it was the eye! Yes it was this! † After ridding himself of the eye, a motif on the narrator’s obsession which is similar to the motif of Rebecca, his obsession has only shifted to concealing the crime he has committed. The narrator focuses all his power and attention to an eye, which causes him much annoyance, and an unbearable need to destroy it. His obsession with the eye and how it makes him feel, leads him to agree with himself in that it must be stopped. It is as if his obsession clouds his judgment of what is right and wrong. Even though Poe conveys the old man as how the narrator sees him, a reader can interpret the true nemesis as being the narrator. Poe conveys the narrator’s obsession by emphasizing every thought that has crossed his mind and how he spends much time and energy, taking care to deal with his obsession and fear. Eventually Poe’s character like Max also tries to conceal his crime but ends with a guilty confession. In conclusion, the key characters of Rebecca and The Tell- Tale Heart all portray the Gothic themes of madness and obsession. Each character plays a different role; Mrs Danvers is drawn up as a conniving madwoman who meets her deserved death. In contrast, Poe’s character is mad from the beginning as a result of an unhealthy obsession. He meets his own end voluntarily as he confesses his guilt.

Boxing Day Tsunami, 2004

Boxing Day Tsunami, 2004 Introduction First of all, the main objective of this academic report is to describe the third-biggest ever recorded tsunami, which is known as Boxing Day 2004. Moreover, this event was one of the biggest natural disasters in recent history. This report is mainly divided into four sections: the introduction where an outline regarding the objectives and the purpose of this report is presented, the methodology, the discussion, the conclusion and finally the bibliography. This sad event began at 7:59am local time on December 26, 2004, thus it was named as Boxing Day. The epicentre of the 9.1 magnitude quake was located in the Indian Ocean near the west coast of Sumatra. Waves of up to 30 metres were detected and hit first regions of Indonesia, then waves reached Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives, and- more than seven hours after the initial quake, the tsunami was observed in Mauritius and along the east coast of Africa. As can be seen, the Boxing Day tsunami achieved many cities across the world, devastating native vegetation and cities near the coast. Methodology The present report is based on four articles, which will be cited in the bibliography section. After carefully reading those articles, the main findings are described throughout this academic report. Discussion The Boxing Day Tsunami was caused by a displacement of water. The convergence of other plates strains the area, and at the quakes epicenter, the India plate is now moving to the northeast at 5 centimeters per year relative to the Burma plate. The aftershocks were distributed along the plate boundary from the epicenter to near Andaman Island. With at least 168,000 people killed when walls of water smashed into Nias Island and Aceh province, Indonesia was the nation hardest hit by the tsunami. Followed by Sri Lanka (35,000 people), India (18,000), and Thailand (8,000) (Figure 1). Hundreds also died in Africa, while thousands of foreign travellers were killed in the disaster, including 26 Australians. The Boxing Day tsunami in 2004 is believed to be the deadliest tsunami in history, killing more than 229,000 people (ABC, 2014). Figure 1. Deaths and damage caused by the Boxing Day Tsunami on December 26, 2004. Despite there being many hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all the victims were completely taken by surprise. With no adequate warning systems, there was no alert issued to people to seek safety. This is also the explanation why so many people were killed in this big tragedy. A few survivors included Tom and Arlette Stuip, who were holidaying in Khao Lak,Thailand. Said: We were having breakfast at the hotel on a terrace, overlooking the pool, the beach and the Andaman Sea. My husband Tom noticed the waiters were all pointing at the sea, which was receding rapidly. It was a fascinating sight. People got their cameras out and walked towards the dry seabed. The beach was full of sunbathing tourists. (Ryder and Dafedjaiye, 2014). (Figure 2) Figure 2. This is the image of the waves before Tom and Arlette fleeing the hotel. The waves stripped vegetation from mountain sides hundreds of metres inland, and threw boats into trees (Figure 3). A great arrangement of humanitarian aid was needed because of widespread damage of the infrastructure, shortages of food and water, and economic damage in the region. The estimated cost of the damage was around $10bn (BBC, 2014). Therefore, to help the people affected by the disaster more than $14 billion in aid was given by the international community (ABC, 2014). As a result, ten years later, many coastal towns and villages have rebuilt their communities and lives, and tried to forget the natural disaster that made so many people suffer. (Figure 4). Figure 3. A house standing amid devastation caused by tsunamis in the Galle district in the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka, 27 December 2004. Figure 4. Before in August 2005 and after in December 2007 views of Calang, Aceh province. Conclusion This report described one of the biggest tragedy named Boxing Day Tsunami in 26th December 2004. This event resulted in the deaths of around 229,000 people. While this is the official number of deaths, it is estimated that this number can be even bigger. Although the tsunami happened almost 12 years ago, it is a topic of interest since many people were killed, and surprisingly no warning system was working in the regions to warn thousands of people. However, there are still questions over how safe the region is, since this is a natural catastrophe that can happen again. The Indian Ocean countries, including Australia, cannot ignore the potential dangers for future destructive earthquakes and tsunamis. The tragic events of Boxing Day 2004 make evident the need of establishing a tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean. Bibliography Cummins, P. (2005, March). The Boxing Day 2004 Tsunami. Retrieved March, 2005, fromhttp://www.ga.gov.au/webtemp/image_cache/GA5892.pdf Boxing Day tsunami: How the disaster unfolded 10 years ago. Retrieved Dec 24, 2014, from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-24/boxing-day-tsunami-how-the-disaster-unfolded/5977568 Sherie, R. and Dafedjaiye. H. (2014, Dec). Tsunami stories: Your experiences. Retriever Dec 25, 2014, from http://www.bbc.com/news/30462238 Chadha, R.K. (2014, Dec). What caused the massive 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Retriever Dec 25, 2014, from http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/what-caused-the-massive-2004-indian-ocean-tsunami/article6723085.ece Figure 1. Boxing Day tsunami: How the disaster unfolded 10 years ago. Retrieved Dec 24, 2014, from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-24/boxing-day-tsunami-how-the-disaster-unfolded/5977568 Figure 2. Sherie, R. and Dafedjaiye. H. (2014, Dec). Tsunami stories: Your experiences. Retriever Dec 25, 2014, from http://www.bbc.com/news/30462238 Figure 3. Akkoc, R. (2014, Dec) 2004 Boxing Day tsunami facts. Retriever Dec 19, 2014, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/11303114/2004-Boxing-Day-tsunami-facts.html Figure 4. Akkoc, R. (2014, Dec) 2004 Boxing Day tsunami facts. Retriever Dec 19, 2014, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/11303114/2004-Boxing-Day-tsunami-facts.html

U.S. foreign policy from 1890-1914 Essay -- essays research papers

McKinley’s presidency starting in 1896 restored American prosperity through the use of higher tariffs and the return to a gold standard. Foreign nations became dependent on the United States’ prosperity because economic problems, such as crop failures, were affecting their stability. This along with many other factors developed America’s strong sense of nationalism. The concept of social Darwinism was applied not only to domestic concerns, but to foreign concerns as well. Americans felt that their previous abilities to empower themselves over the Native Americans set as a precedent for their capability to influence foreign nations. America looked beyond its borders for new markets because after the closing of the frontier, a fear of possible resource depletion swept through the nation. America’s desire to colonize foreign nations was driven by economic intentions especially in Hawaii and Samoa, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States’ involvement in trade with China made the importance of Hawaii and the Samoan islands evident. These islands acted as a stop for ships in the midst of their journey to Asia. American influence on the islands existed by America’s growing population settling there. For these two reasons, the United States’ navy looked at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a permanent naval base and Pago Pago in Samoa. American settlers in Hawaii gradually drew the power away from Hawaiian leaders causing struggles for power. King Kamehameha b... U.S. foreign policy from 1890-1914 Essay -- essays research papers McKinley’s presidency starting in 1896 restored American prosperity through the use of higher tariffs and the return to a gold standard. Foreign nations became dependent on the United States’ prosperity because economic problems, such as crop failures, were affecting their stability. This along with many other factors developed America’s strong sense of nationalism. The concept of social Darwinism was applied not only to domestic concerns, but to foreign concerns as well. Americans felt that their previous abilities to empower themselves over the Native Americans set as a precedent for their capability to influence foreign nations. America looked beyond its borders for new markets because after the closing of the frontier, a fear of possible resource depletion swept through the nation. America’s desire to colonize foreign nations was driven by economic intentions especially in Hawaii and Samoa, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States’ involvement in trade with China made the importance of Hawaii and the Samoan islands evident. These islands acted as a stop for ships in the midst of their journey to Asia. American influence on the islands existed by America’s growing population settling there. For these two reasons, the United States’ navy looked at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a permanent naval base and Pago Pago in Samoa. American settlers in Hawaii gradually drew the power away from Hawaiian leaders causing struggles for power. King Kamehameha b...

Coke Burn India

Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Current Market Scenario Current Market Scenario Industry Highlights Coke Burn Industry Highlights Coke Burn Distribution Red Bull faces legal battle with their largest distributor – RNG group after snapping decade old ties. RNG used to control 90% of Red Bull’s distribution with close to 19,000 outlets Selective distribution only in 3 metros (Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore) Distribution Red Bull faces legal battle with their largest distributor – RNG group after snapping decade old ties.RNG used to control 90% of Red Bull’s distribution with close to 19,000 outlets Selective distribution only in 3 metros (Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore) Manufacturing Key market players import their product from South East Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand etc. First and only multinational company to receive local manufacturing nod for energy drinks Manufacturing Key market players import their product from South East Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand etc. First and only multinational company to receive local manufacturing nod for energy drinks Market ShareDominated by Red Bull with 71. 3% market share Depleting market share currently stands at 2. 6% of the energy drinks market Market Share Dominated by Red Bull with 71. 3% market share Depleting market share currently stands at 2. 6% of the energy drinks market Market Size Rs. 1894 million (off trade) with a CAGR of 55. 7% Rs. 49 million (off trade) Market Size Rs. 1894 million (off trade) with a CAGR of 55. 7% Rs. 49 million (off trade) To increase off trade sales from Rs. 49 million currently to Rs. 299 million in a year Mission To increase the overall market share from the current 2. % to 10% in a year To increase brand awareness, consumer loyalty and satisfaction Strengthening Burn’s social media and overall online visibility To increase off trade sales from Rs. 49 million currently to Rs. 2 99 million in a year Mission To increase the overall market share from the current 2. 6% to 10% in a year To increase brand awareness, consumer loyalty and satisfaction Strengthening Burn’s social media and overall online visibility Communication Objectives Awareness Create brand awareness and visibility by crafting distinct brand imagery ConsiderationEducate consumers and bring Burn in their consideration set on par with Red Bull Conversation Induce more effective trials by engaging consumers through on ground activation Loyalty Implement loyalty and rewards programs ensuring consumer retention Communication Objectives Awareness Create brand awareness and visibility by crafting distinct brand imagery Consideration Educate consumers and bring Burn in their consideration set on par with Red Bull Conversation Induce more effective trials by engaging consumers through on ground activation Loyalty Implement loyalty and rewards programs ensuring consumer retentionCompetitor Analys is Competitor Analysis Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Product Price Place Promotion Red Bull original Rs. 95 for 250ml Pack of 4 for Rs. 359 Gyms, Cafe’s, Barista, Costa Coffee, Bars and Retail Outlets * Formula 1 racing * Soap Box Race * Student brand ambassador * Television Ads * Rejuve * Nicofix * Minus Rs. 95 for 250ml CCDs, bars, retail outlets. * Shah Rukh Khan brand ambassador * Print Advertising * Sunburn music festival * Premium * Wildberry * Pomegranate * Red grapes * * Regular * Sugar free Cola Rs. 85/90 for 250ml Rs. 50 for 180ml Rs. 95 for 250ml Gyms, retail outlets Pubs, discos, night clubs * Shilpa Shetty brand ambassador * Energy Drink partner of CSK * College events * Certain cultural and music festivals Proposition Get High on Energy Gives you Wings Free your Energy Get high every time you drink Product Price Place Promotion Red Bull original Rs. 95 for 250ml Pack of 4 for Rs. 359 Gyms, Cafe†™s, Barista, Costa Coffee, Bars and Retail Outlets * Formula 1 racing * Soap Box Race * Student brand ambassador * Television Ads * Rejuve * Nicofix * Minus Rs. 5 for 250ml CCDs, bars, retail outlets. * Shah Rukh Khan brand ambassador * Print Advertising * Sunburn music festival * Premium * Wildberry * Pomegranate * Red grapes * * Regular * Sugar free * Cola Rs. 85/90 for 250ml Rs. 50 for 180ml Rs. 95 for 250ml Gyms, retail outlets Pubs, discos, night clubs * Shilpa Shetty brand ambassador * Energy Drink partner of CSK * College events * Certain cultural and music festivals Proposition Get High on Energy Gives you Wings Free your Energy Get high every time you drink Consumer needs and GAP analysis Consumer needs and GAP analysisThrough our research we inferred that a lack of awareness and availability were the two key deterrents for purchase of Burn Through our research we inferred that a lack of awareness and availability were the two key deterrents for purchase of Burn Values Co nsequences Attributes Price and Packaging Exclusivity Status and Self esteem Study more + better grades Rewards and Promotions High Performance Work longer, harder + more concentration Soft Drink, No alcohol Substitute for alcohol Belongingness Socializing drink at parties Caffeine, Taurine Energy + Stay awake Values Consequences Attributes Price and PackagingExclusivity Status and Self esteem Study more + better grades Rewards and Promotions High Performance Work longer, harder + more concentration Soft Drink, No alcohol Substitute for alcohol Belongingness Socializing drink at parties Caffeine, Taurine Energy + Stay awake Consumer Characteristics Consumer Characteristics Consumer behavior analysis Consumer behavior analysis Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Rohan Vyavaharkar – National Communications Head – RedBull India Ltd Pinakiranjan Mishra, National Leader, Consumer Products, Ernst & Young The biggest c hallenge for energy drinks is to establish product efficacy and reiterate their core benefits as consumers are wary of these products due to high caffeine content† Ajay Chandwani, Director, Percept Ltd â€Å"We are open to introducing Coke Burn shots in India if there is a strong case for it. We are also looking at ramping up distribution in other cities† Kamlesh Sharma, GM, Public Affairs & Communication, Coca Cola India â€Å"RedBull has consciously adopted a strategy of steering away from conventional media and chose to associate itself with extreme sports and youth centric activities to create a buzz in the market.The sales of energy drinks is as much a function of distribution as it is of marketing† â€Å"High price is biggest barrier for this segment. Consumers would include burn in their consideration set if a smaller SKU at a lower price is made available in the market† Rohan Vyavaharkar – National Communications Head – RedBull India Ltd Pinakiranjan Mishra, National Leader, Consumer Products, Ernst & Young â€Å"The biggest challenge for energy drinks is to establish product efficacy and reiterate their core benefits as consumers are wary of these products due to high caffeine content†Ajay Chandwani, Director, Percept Ltd â€Å"We are open to introducing Coke Burn shots in India if there is a strong case for it. We are also looking at ramping up distribution in other cities† Kamlesh Sharma, GM, Public Affairs & Communication, Coca Cola India â€Å"RedBull has consciously adopted a strategy of steering away from conventional media and chose to associate itself with extreme sports and youth centric activities to create a buzz in the market. The sales of energy drinks is as much a function of distribution as it is of marketing† â€Å"High price is biggest barrier for this segment.Consumers would include burn in their consideration set if a smaller SKU at a lower price is made available in the market† However, more than half of our respondents felt that high price and high caffeine is deterrent while purchasing energy drinks. However, more than half of our respondents felt that high price and high caffeine is deterrent while purchasing energy drinks. Majority consumption happens at parties and pubs. Also a sizable chunk of consumption happens at home Majority consumption happens at parties and pubs. Also a sizable chunk of consumption happens at home Consumer InsightsConsumer Insights Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement According to our research, majority consumption is driven by college students to stay awake during exams. It is also used as a socializing and energizing drink. According to our research, majority consumption is driven by college students to stay awake during exams. It is also used as a socializing and energizing drink. To get a perspective on consumer insights we conducted a primary research with 40 consumers of energy drinks with diverse cultural and professional backgrounds.To get a perspective on consumer insights we conducted a primary research with 40 consumers of energy drinks with diverse cultural and professional backgrounds. Expert insights through in-depth interviews Expert insights through in-depth interviews Retailer insights Retailer insights Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement FCB matrix FCB matrix Brand Identity Prism Brand Identity Prism Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media MoneyMeasurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Key recommendations and take-aways 50ml shots Introduce 50ml Burn Energy shot priced at Rs. 40 to induce trial 0% caffeine Introduce a healthy diet/caffeine free variant of Burn Ramping up distribution Capitalizing on the RedBull – RNG rift as well as developing strategic distribution partnerships New engagement platforms Promotion at college and music festivals and events as well as effective usage on online platforms Key recommendations and take-aways 50ml shots Introduce 50ml Burn Energy shot priced at Rs. 0 to induce trial 0% caffeine Introduce a healthy diet/caffeine free variant of Burn Ramping up distribution Capitalizing on the RedBull – RNG rift as well as developing strategic distribution partnerships New engagement platforms Promotion at college and music festivals and events as well as effective usage on online platforms Through research we learnt that sales of energy drinks are a function of marketing as well as distribution. Hence, we recommend Burn to ramp up its distribution in more number of cities to supplement our marketing campaign.At retail outlets we recommend distributing collaterals that contain #Burn365, Turbocharge Your Passion contest details which will help us to engage with a wider audience Through research we lear nt that sales of energy drinks are a function of marketing as well as distribution. Hence, we recommend Burn to ramp up its distribution in more number of cities to supplement our marketing campaign. At retail outlets we recommend distributing collaterals that contain #Burn365, Turbocharge Your Passion contest details which will help us to engage with a wider audience Communication Channels Communication ChannelsMission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Experiential Marketing Experiential Marketing The key is not to advertise but to engage. Not to broadcast messages but to have a dialogue To associate Coke Burn as a drink that supports youngsters to pursue their passion and interests The key is not to advertise but to engage. Not to broadcast messages but to have a dialogue To associate Coke Burn as a drink that supports youngsters to pursue their passion and interests Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market M essage Media Money MeasurementBurn’s India website(www. burn. in) * With the absence of an India specific website we believe that the newly developed www. burn. in will be a perfect online platform to communicate Burn’s products and fresh marketing initiatives such as â€Å"Wings on Fire†, â€Å"#Burn365† and â€Å"Burntender – Twist and Burn†. * It will be integrated with Burn’s social media accounts and will display information about Burn’s upcoming consumer engagement projects and initiatives. * This website will be directly linked to Coke’s global and national webpage and we target close to 450 unique visits per day post its inceptionTargets Number of unique hits per day Number of linked websites Average time on site Bounce rate 15% 1. 5 minutes 45 450 Burn’s India website(www. burn. in) * With the absence of an India specific website we believe that the newly developed www. burn. in will be a perfect online p latform to communicate Burn’s products and fresh marketing initiatives such as â€Å"Wings on Fire†, â€Å"#Burn365† and â€Å"Burntender – Twist and Burn†. * It will be integrated with Burn’s social media accounts and will display information about Burn’s upcoming consumer engagement projects and initiatives. This website will be directly linked to Coke’s global and national webpage and we target close to 450 unique visits per day post its inception Targets Number of unique hits per day Number of linked websites Average time on site Bounce rate 15% 1. 5 minutes 45 450 Online Marketing Facebook Ads Mobile Marketing and Advergaming (Wings on Fire) Email marketing Launch Burn’s India website (www. burn. in) Viral Youtube advertisements and fan videos #Burn365 (year-long twitter campaign) Online Marketing Facebook Ads Mobile Marketing and Advergaming (Wings on Fire) Email marketing Launch Burn’s India website (www. u rn. in) Viral Youtube advertisements and fan videos #Burn365 (year-long twitter campaign) #Burn365 #Burn365 Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement The Plan Building up on successful social media brand building ventures adopted by KFC and Volkswagen, Coke Burn looks to adopt a similar strategy by hosting #Burn365, an open-for-all twitter competition that looks to engage young adults from across the country by offering prizes 365 days a year We see Burn365 as an opportunity to increase activity as well as follower count across social media platforms.Currently Burn is seriously lacking in terms of content as well as activity on its fan pages and the #Burn365 campaign would ensure increased user interaction with the brand as well as quality & unique content generation on the respective fan pages. This campaign will look to increase Burn’s social media presence as each day contestants can showcase their passion be it about spo rts, cars, movies, music, art or even burning social issues using the permitted 140 characters supported by a Twitpic or a Youtube video.On ground promotion during college festivals and events will see Burn representatives encouraging students to live-tweet #Burn365. Winner of the contest will win Burn merchandise. The Plan Building up on successful social media brand building ventures adopted by KFC and Volkswagen, Coke Burn looks to adopt a similar strategy by hosting #Burn365, an open-for-all twitter competition that looks to engage young adults from across the country by offering prizes 365 days a year We see Burn365 as an opportunity to increase activity as well as follower count across social media platforms.Currently Burn is seriously lacking in terms of content as well as activity on its fan pages and the #Burn365 campaign would ensure increased user interaction with the brand as well as quality & unique content generation on the respective fan pages. This campaign will look to increase Burn’s social media presence as each day contestants can showcase their passion be it about sports, cars, movies, music, art or even burning social issues using the permitted 140 characters supported by a Twitpic or a Youtube video.On ground promotion during college festivals and events will see Burn representatives encouraging students to live-tweet #Burn365. Winner of the contest will win Burn merchandise. Objectives Building brand awareness Driving traffic to respective fan pages Engage students and young adults via #Burn365 Increasing sales Objectives Building brand awareness Driving traffic to respective fan pages Engage students and young adults via #Burn365 Increasing sales RedBull has 811,638 followers which is 65 times the number of followers of the Burn twitter handle. Current ScenarioBurn Vs Red Bull RedBull has 811,638 followers which is 65 times the number of followers of the Burn twitter handle. Current Scenario Burn Vs Red Bull Stage 1 The user wil l be given an option to login via Facebook or twitter Stage 2 Depending on the user’s choice he would be asked to like & share / follow & tweet. Stage 3 The user will be given an option to login via Facebook or twitter Stage 4 The machine would dispense the free sample Stage 5 The machine would forcibly logout the user Stage 1 The user will be given an option to login via Facebook or twitter Stage 2Depending on the user’s choice he would be asked to like & share / follow & tweet. Stage 3 The user will be given an option to login via Facebook or twitter Stage 4 The machine would dispense the free sample Stage 5 The machine would forcibly logout the user Login via twitter or facebook Post a tweet using #Burn365 tagging @burn Follow @burn account for updates Like the Coke Burn Facebook page Share the page with a comment Check location settings Dispense the free 50 ml Burn shot Auto Logout Login via twitter or facebook Post a tweet using #Burn365 tagging @burn Follow @burn account for updatesLike the Coke Burn Facebook page Share the page with a comment Check location settings Dispense the free 50 ml Burn shot Auto Logout We intend to place Coke Burn vending machines at college events, concerts, BPO’s across the country. These machines would dispense Coke Burn 50ml sample shots at the cost of a tweet or a facebook like by the user. We intend to place Coke Burn vending machines at college events, concerts, BPO’s across the country. These machines would dispense Coke Burn 50ml sample shots at the cost of a tweet or a facebook like by the user. Coke Burn Vending MachinesCoke Burn Vending Machines Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Game Design Game Design After defeating the demons and completing the first round the player again has a brief interval where he sips Burn to get energized and moves on to the next level After defeating the demons and completing the first round the player again has a brief interval where he sips Burn to get energized and moves on to the next level The player begins the game by sipping a Burn to feel energized The player begins the game by sipping a Burn to feel energizedPlayer has to chase and target flying demons with a slingshot to earn points Player has to chase and target flying demons with a slingshot to earn points As the player successfully targets the flying demons their wings burn and crash on the ground thus preventing any counterattack by the demons on the player As the player successfully targets the flying demons their wings burn and crash on the ground thus preventing any counterattack by the demons on the player Rationale Rationale Non- intrusive, cost effective method of driving the message Non- intrusive, cost effective method of driving the messageAverage time spent by a gamer is 12-15 minutes Average time spent by a gamer is 12-15 minutes Consumers have deeper emotional engagement while gaming Consumers have deepe r emotional engagement while gaming Integrated Communication Message – Turbocharge Your Passion Integrated Communication Message – Turbocharge Your Passion Wings on Fire (Advergaming) Wings on Fire (Advergaming) Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement The game reinforces Burn’s key value proposition of providing energy to win The game is also a tacit attack on competitor Red Bull that claims to give you ‘wings’.Upon hitting the demons successfully the message â€Å"Bullied! † pops up. High scorers of the game get free Burn merchandise. The game reinforces Burn’s key value proposition of providing energy to win The game is also a tacit attack on competitor Red Bull that claims to give you ‘wings’. Upon hitting the demons successfully the message â€Å"Bullied! † pops up. High scorers of the game get free Burn merchandise. Engagement Platform| Organizer| Audience| Cost| Mood Indigo| IIT Bombay| 60,000| Rs. 30,00,00| Malhar| Xaviers| 30,000| Rs. 1,50,000| Crossroads| SRCC| 50,000| Rs. 2,00,000|ArcharyaHabba| ArcharyaInstitue| 30,000| Rs. 1,00,000| Standard Chartered Marathon| Procam| 96,000| Rs. 8,00,000| SunBurn| Percept| 1,00,000| Rs. 10,00,000| Eristoff Invasion| Only Much Louder| 20,000| Rs. 4,00,000| Bartending Competition| Burn| 120| Rs. 2,00,000| Burn 365| Burn| 60,000| Rs. 1,50,000| www. burn. in| Burn| 40,000| Rs. 40,000| Wings on Fire| Zapak/Zynga| 30,000| Rs. 5,00,000| Total Impact| | 5,16,120| Rs. 38,40,000 ( Rs 7. 44 per person)| Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Cost Implications Cost ImplicationsMeasurement Measurement * The Economic Times * Euromonitor * Business Standard * Marketing report by Teja Ande, Docstoc * Industry Estimates gathered from colleges and media buyers * Aaker, J. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality (p. 352) * The Economic Times * Euromonitor * Business Standard * Marketing report by Teja Ande, Docstoc * Industry Estimates gathered from colleges and media buyers * Aaker, J. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality (p. 352) References References Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement Mission Market Message Media Money Measurement

John Lock’Es View on Innate Knowledge

Innate ideas John Locke, a renowned English philosopher in the seventeenth century, argued against the pre-existing prevalent belief of innate knowledge, such as those led by Descartes. Many of Locke’s arguments begin with criticisms on philosophers’ opinion on innate knowledge, notably Descartes. Therefore, many of Locke’s arguments are direct rebuttals of Descartes and other philosophers’ beliefs about the existence of innate knowledge. To arrive at the conclusion that innate knowledge is impossible, Locke comes with various premises and rebuttals that add weight to his arguments.First, Locke emphasizes that knowledge and ideas are learned through experience, not innately. He argues that people’s minds at birth are ‘blank slate’ that is later filled through experience. Here, the ‘senses’ play an important role because ‘the knowledge of some truths, as Locke confesses, is very in the mind; but in a way that shows the m not to be innate’. By this, Locke argues that some ideas are actually in the mind from an early age but these ideas are furnished by the senses starting in the womb. For example, the color blue and the blueness’ of something is not that which is learned innately but is some is learned through exposures to a blue object or thing. So if we do have a universal understanding of ‘blueness’, it is because we are exposed to blue objects ever since we were young. The blue sky is what many would acquaint with blue easily and at a young age. Second, Locke argues that people have no innate principles. Locke contended that innate principles rely upon innate ideas within people but such innate ideas do not exist. He says this on the basis that there is no ‘universal consent’ that everyone agrees upon.Locke quotes that ‘There is nothing more commonly taken for granted that there are certain principles universally agreed upon by all mankind, but ther e are none to which all mankind give a universal assent’. This argues against the very foundation of the idea of innate knowledge because principles that garner universal assent are thought to be known innately, simply because it is the best explanation available. However, it cannot even be an explanation for such belief because no ‘universal consent’ exists. Rationalists argue that there are in fact ome principles that are universally agreed upon, such as the principle of identity. But it is far-fetched to claim that everyone knows this principle of identity because for the least, children and idiots, the less-intelligent ones are not acquainted with it. There are several objections to these premises and arguments that are outlined above. The argument by Locke that there are some ideas that are in the mind at an early age gives credence to argument for the innate ideas. For ideas to be furnished by the senses later on there has to be ideas that are laid as found ations.If such ideas are innate, as acknowledged by Locke, no matter how trivial or less significant these ideas may be as one may argue, such claim could give weight to the idea of innate knowledge. Innate knowledge or ideas, after all, doesn’t imply that all ideas are innate because as one can see, there are things that we learn through our experiences and encounters in life as well. So as long as there is even the basic principle that is innate early in life, then innate knowledge can be known to exist. The validity behind the claim that there is no ‘universal consent’ is also questionable.Locke argues that no principle that all mankind agrees upon exists because there are those who are not acquainted with such principle, notably children and idiots. However, the terms children and idiots are somewhat misguided. How are children and especially the idiots categorized? Is there a specific criteria used for those who are classified as idiots? It is hard to genera lize that idiots or those who are deemed less intelligent are not acquainted with certain principles because at times, intelligence is not the best indicator of someone’s knowledge or ideas.There are many intelligent people out there who take their status for granted and do not think, contemplate or make an effort to their best extent. The objections that are made against the initial arguments can be defended in certain ways. Regarding the objection that since there are innate ideas in the mind at an early age, innate knowledge exists, the term ‘innate’ should be thought of again in greater detail. Innate knowledge has to be significant enough for us to recount to be considered such. Thus, there comes a risk with considering the ideas within our minds early on as innate.For example, the knowledge of our hands and feet maybe imbedded to us at a very early stage. The knowledge of using our hands and feet are not so significant. The knowledge that we gain through ou r use of hands and feet could be vital knowledge that we may recount throughout. Throwing a baseball properly under a coach’s instructions is an example. Also, there is the claim that intelligence cannot be the sole indicator of one’s acquisition of ‘universal consent’ and that there isn’t a clear distinction of those who can understand universal principles to those who cannot.However, the important focus here should not be on defining ‘idiots’ and intelligence but on that universal consent is hard to be assembled by every single mankind. Therefore, more should be considered than just innate knowledge that could garner universal consent. Empirical principles that are derived from experience could garner universal assent too. For example, the fear of ‘dying’ or ‘getting seriously injured’ could mean that people would not jump out the roof from tall buildings. And this belief could be universal among all.

Losing Common Sense in a Sea of Technology Essay

Technology has made miracles take place. Technology is an asset to our society. Things we could not do with our anatomical brains we can conjure up with a machine. With the answers to simple questions at fingertips with the availability of the internet, simple thought processes replaced with instant gratification. Critical thinking is almost extinct due to rapid response internet websites and databases. In today’s society, we depend on computers and technology to dictate schedules, lead meetings, and manage social lives. Therefore, ruing personal bonds, destroying critical and creative thinking, and losing common sense. The introduction of technology and computers on society has been beneficial in many areas, science having the biggest impact. For example, new radar technology will allow forecasters to see extreme weather, as will potential improvements to satellite technology, as well as computer models that run on powerful super computers. With these radars improved, more lives saved. â€Å"This will allow us to get to cover faster and be better prepared† (Lubchenco, Hayes 68). Another example of how technology has been beneficial to our society is in the medical field. Today many surgeries perform with the help of robots. Robotically assisted cardiac surgery presents less invasive than conventional surgery, with shortened hospital stays and faster return to daily activities (Krueger, Jones, Howell, etal. ) The largest benefit of technology is the easy and fast access that has come from the Internet. Almost any subject matter, research papers, and technical documents are available to anyone. Communication has also become much simpler using the Internet. Computers and the internet has become a staple in the American home. Not only are Americans conforming to an E-society, the rest of the world is too. This intention of this paper is not to discourage technology. Technology has done the unimaginable in societies here and abroad, perhaps technology has done too much. As we advance in the small gadgets and upgrade our systems to use the latest software, it is safe to say, we have become â€Å"addicted†. Because of this â€Å"addiction† or dependency on technology and computers, more and more people are flooding to their P. D. A’s or to their laptops to do simple everyday tasks; we should know how to do already. Anything from grocery shopping, booking a plane flight, depositing a paycheck, can be done over the internet from a personal computer, cell phone, or I Pad. Life as we know it is becoming a virtual reality within itself. We focus our addenda’s and our itineraries based around technology. Despite the positive impact technology has made on education, there are certainly areas that it poorly used. â€Å"The uncontrolled use of technology without examining its long-term benefits and potential problems is not something that should be allowed to happen in education. (Hodorowicz) For example, more and more often universities are moving toward â€Å"distant learning†, or online classes. â€Å"Nothing can replace the interactions between students and teachers. Once the process of learning from a fellow person has been automated to something mechanical many things will be lost† (Hodorowicz). Furthermore, automated grading loses the ability to see just where a student went wrong, or what the student was trying to achieve in an answer. Online courses remove the ability to deal with truly great teachers in a personal way, and it removes the ability to interact with other students. Automated education also hinders getting help when needed. It has been noted that with the use of computers and technology â€Å"education will no longer be an unpredictable and exciting adventure in human enlightenment, but an exercise in conformity and an apprenticeship to whatever gadgetry is useful in a technical world† (Schwarz). Technology has also been useful inside the home. yet, has been a key factor in the decline of stable, social relationships. Researchers are debating whether the Internet is improving or harming participation in community life and social relationships. This research examined the social and psychological impact of the Internet on 169 people in 73 households during their first 1 to 2 years on-line. We used longitudinal data to examine the effects of the Internet on social involvement and psychological well-being. In this sample, the Internet was used extensively for communication. Nonetheless, greater use of the Internet was associated with declines in participants’ communication with family members in the household, declines in the size of their social circle, and increases in their depression and loneliness (Kraut, Patterson,Keisler,etal. . Virtual communities are becoming an ever-growing normality. With the social networks like Facebook and twitter comes the anonymous predators. † The Internet is populated by people with false identities, people with inaccurate information, people who express themselves quickly and with little reflection or sense of accountability† (Schwarz). New frauds and ill opportunities to drain bank accounts emerge daily; just an example of how we are coming adapt to the cyber world with our eyes wide open. We are losing what it means to be human and the morals that were once instilled. As stated earlier in this paper, this is not a paper of whether technology in our world today is right or wrong. This is a paper proving how our ethical values and use of common knowledge are becoming extinct because we allow computers to think for us. We are losing creativity to think â€Å"outside the box† with our learning becoming more of a mathematical equation than an experience. Relying too much on technology is what will lead to the extinction of man, maybe not of a species, but of an individual, rather than random avitar. Works Cited Schwarz, Gretchen.